1/3/2024 0 Comments Magnetic ethernet connector![]() ![]() 7-Layer OSI Model and Ethernet Protocol Layers ![]() A generic 7-Layer OSI Model is universally used to designate the frame structure of all communication protocols and Ethernet, as defined by the IEEE802.3 standard, combines some of the OSI Model layers into just four layers, as can be seen in Figure 1. Gigabit Ethernet Basicsīefore jumping straight into the hardware design, it may be helpful to have a brief insight into what kinds of data are traveling from the real world to the controller from the perspective of the network. You should be aware that to aid the readability of this article, some blocks or components will not be described in some sections, but these gaps will be filled in some of the following sections. Even if you are an expert in digital interfaces, this article may be useful as a checklist or a reminder of the theory. This article is intended as a guide for designers, from the theoretical basics to the practical aspects of schematic and layout design. You may already have some idea about implementing gigabit Ethernet, perhaps you have even succeeded in implementing a working gigabit Ethernet interface, or this may be the first time that you have dived into high-speed digital interface design. We’ll be getting into the PCB layout and routing considerations towards the end of the article, once we understand how gigabit Ethernet works and its required circuit components. There will always be bottlenecks that limit the practical throughput, such as the controller and/or processor speed, as well as adverse impacts caused by imprecise PCB routing (including crosstalk, impedance mismatch, maximum trace length). It should be noted that these transmission rates are theoretical maximum figures. On the other hand, if fiber-optic cables are preferred, then a communication bandwidth of more than 10 Gbit/s may be achieved. With today’s technology, Fast Ethernet (100BASE-TX) and Gigabit Ethernet (1000BASE-T) are both reasonably standard if copper circuit wire (twisted-pair) is used as the physical transmission medium. The Ethernet protocol was standardized in the 1980s and rapidly evolved from speeds of 10 M to 10 G+ bit/s. However, they are much easier to view in Altium Designer® than as images in the blog. There are screenshots of these schematics in this article. We’ll get into what a PHY is later, however, I know it can make it easier for some readers to understand if they have a schematic to look at, and apply the article to. However, I know everyone loves getting a schematic to look at rather than just reading pages of technical information, so I have added an example schematic on GitHub with an implementation of the Microchip KSZ9131RNX gigabit Ethernet transceiver PHY. This guide is what you are looking for if you’re ready to add Ethernet, especially gigabit Ethernet, to your electronic circuit design and need to get up to speed on Ethernet.īefore we dive in, this isn’t a project article - we won’t be building out a full solution in this project. It is often met with some generic answers as to impedance, but without anyone having a fantastic resource they can link to which covers everything from the ground up. In my Altium community, the question of how to implement Ethernet comes up every few months. ![]() During the system-level planning phase of any major hardware project, at least one Ethernet communication link is often included as a standard option, and it is this Ethernet interface on the circuit board that we are going to discuss in depth. ![]()
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